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01/03/2012
Vinco's Smart PS™ - The Smart Choice Vinco's Smart PS™ finished dosage softgels feature an exclusive fluid dispersion phosphatidylserine material that has significantly enhanced stability for maximum brain benefits. Research in animals and humans has shown.....
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01/02/2012
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Vitamin E 400
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Item# V-VE400
90 Softgels per bottle
Dietary Supplement
Overview
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that stops the production of reactive oxygen species formed when fat undergoes oxidation. 1,2,3 Vitamin E is also important in the formation of red blood cells and helps the body to use vitamin K.
The term vitamin E describes a family of eight antioxidants: four tocopherols (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-) and four tocotrienols (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-). Of these, alpha-tocopherol has been most studied as it has the highest bioavailability.4 Alpha-tocopherol is the only form of vitamin E that is actively maintained in the human body; therefore, it is the form of vitamin E found in the largest quantities in blood and tissues1. It is also the only form that meets the latest Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin E.
Alpha Tocopherol
The main function of alpha-tocopherol in humans appears to be that of an antioxidant. Free radicals are formed primarily in the body during normal metabolism and also upon exposure to environmental factors, such as cigarette smoke or pollutants. Fats, which are an integral part of all cell membranes, are vulnerable to destruction through oxidation by free radicals. The fat-soluble vitamin, alpha-tocopherol, is uniquely suited to intercept free radicals and thus prevent a chain reaction of lipid destruction. Aside from maintaining the integrity of cell membranes throughout the body, alpha-tocopherol also protects the fats in low density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidation. Lipoproteins are particles composed of lipids and proteins that transport fats through the bloodstream. LDLs specifically transport cholesterol from the liver to the tissues of the body. Oxidized LDLs have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases. When a molecule of alpha-tocopherol neutralizes a free radical, it is altered in such a way that its antioxidant capacity is lost. However, other antioxidants, such as vitamin C, are capable of regenerating the antioxidant capacity of alpha-tocopherol 6,7
Several other functions of alpha-tocopherol have been identified that are not likely related to its antioxidant capacity. For instance, alpha-tocopherol is known to inhibit the activity of protein kinase C, an important cell-signaling molecule. Alpha-tocopherol appears to also affect the expression and activities of molecules and enzymes in immune and inflammatory cells. Additionally, alpha-tocopherol has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and to enhance vasodilation 8,9
Functions In The Body
Antioxidant
Vitamin E is the body’s most important fat-soluble antioxidant. As such, it insures the stability and integrity of cellular tissues and membranes throughout the body by preventing free radical (lipid peroxidation) damage. Vitamin E has demonstrated increases in HDL levels and has prevented the oxidation of LDL cholesterol. 10
A study involving one hundred and fifty three patients with coronary artery disease evaluated the clinical impact of antioxidant supplementation, including vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene and selenium, on people with low HDL levels in an effort to improve the HDL-C:LDL-C ratio. The participants were followed for 12 months after randomization to one of three groups. They received either placebo, simvastatin and niacin, or simvastatin, niacin plus antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, Beta-carotene and selenium). The treatment groups compared to the placebo group had significant reductions in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C. The desired increases in HDL-C were higher in the simvastatin/niacin group than in the simvastatin/ niacin/antioxidant group. The investigators noted that the increases in the HDL2-C, Lp(A-I), and HDL particle size noted in the simvastatin/niacin group were apparently blunted by the additional use of the antioxidants. 11
Chemotherapy stresses the antioxidant defense system and may lead to lower antioxidant levels which could cause an increase in the adverse side effects of the therapy. A study was conducted involving children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who were undergoing chemotherapy. These children were administered greater intakes of antioxidants. The increased consumption of vitamin E at 3 months decreased the risk of infection. 12
Blood
Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to decrease platelet adhesion, protects blood vessels against developing atherosclerotic lesions, and prevents LDL-cholesterol from being oxidized.
Immune System
Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to enhance the immune system and support resistance to infection.
Exercise
During heavy exercise, vitamin E markedly reduces the amount of exercise-induced free radical damage to the blood and tissues, and also helps the body reduce the incidence of exercise-induced muscle injury.
Eyes
Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to help the body protect the eyes against cataracts and macular degeneration.
Vinco’s Vitamin E 400 is a mixture of the most biologically active, and naturally occuring forms available. Vitamin E has been shown to be a potent
antioxidant and free radical scavenger.
No Artificial Color, Flavor or Sweetener, Sugar, Starch, Milk, Lactose, Gluten, Wheat, Yeast, or Fish. Sodium Free.
References
1. National Institute of Health (7/9/10). "Vitamin E Fact Sheet".
2. Herrera; Barbas, C (2001). "Vitamin E: action, metabolism and perspectives". Journal of physiology and biochemistry 57 (2): 43-56.
3. Packer, Lester; Weber, S; Rimbach, G (2001). "Molecular Aspects of ±-Tocotrienol Antioxidant Action and Cell Signalling". Journal of Nutrition 131 (2): 369S.
4. Brigelius-Flohé; Traber, MG (1999). "Vitamin E: function and metabolism". The FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 13 (10): 1145–55.
5. Traber MG. Utilization of vitamin E. Biofactors. 1999;10(2-3):115-120.
6. Traber MG. Vitamin E. In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkiins; 2006:396-411.
7. Bruno RS, Leonard SW, Atkinson J, et al. Faster plasma vitamin E disappearance in smokers is normalized by vitamin C supplementation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006;40(4):689-697.
8. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Vitamin E. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 2000:186-283.
(National Academy Press)
9. Traber MG. Does vitamin E decrease heart attack risk? summary and implications with respect to dietary recommendations. J Nutr. 2001;131(2):395S-397S.
10. Rezaian GR, Taheri M, Mozaffari BE, Mosleh AA, Ghalambor MA. The salutary effects of antioxidant vitamins on the plasma lipids of healthy middle aged-to-elderly individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Med Liban. Jan2002;50
(1-2):10-3.
11. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Aug2001;21(8):1320-6.
12. Kennedy DD, Tucker KL, Ladas ED, Rheingold SR, Blumberg J, Kelly KM. Low antioxidant vitamin intakes are associated with increases in adverse effects of chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Clin Nutr. Jun2004;79(6):1029-36.
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